PULSE POLIO
Itroduction
Pulse polio is an immunisation campagin established by the government of india to elimnate poliomyeslitis in india by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against polio virus.The project fights poliomyelisit though a large scale pulse polio cases.
HISTORY
In india,vaccination against polio started in 1978 with expanded programmunisation.By 1984,it was successful in covring around 40% giving 3 doses of OPY to each.In 1985, the universal immunisation proggram was launched to OPY to each.In 1985,the universal immulisation program was launched to cover all the districts of the country.UIP became a par survival and safe motherhood program in 1992 and repoduct Health program in 1997.This program led to a significant increa coverage ,up to 95%.The number of reported cases of polio aiso declit 28,757 during 1987 to 3,256 in 1995.
In 1995, following the polio eradication initivate of world health organist india launched pulse polio immunisation program along with universal program which aimed at 100% coverage.
Elimination of polio in india
The last repored cases of wild polio in india were in west Bengal and Gujrat on january 2011 on 27 march 2014,World Health Organization declared india o polio free country, since no cases of wild polio had been reported in previous three years.
Key objectives
The pulse polio intivative aims at covering every individual in the country.It aspires to reach even children in remote communities through an improved social mobilisation plan.
- Not a single child should miss the immunisation,leaving no chance of polio occurence.
- Case of acute flaccid pralysis to be collected within 14 days.Outbreak response immunisation to be counted as early as possible.
- Performance of good mop-up operations where polio has disappeared.
- India was declared polio free in 2014.
Steps involved
- Setting up of booth in all country.
- Intialising walk in cold rooms,freezer rooms,deep freezer,ice-lined refrigerator and cold boxes for ensuring steady supply of vaccine to booth.
- Arranging employees,volunteers and vaccines.
- Ensuring vaccine vial monitor on each vaccine vial.
- Immunising children from immunisation process.
- Surveliance of efficacy.
Publicity was extensive ,and included replacing the national telecoms authority ringtone with a vaccine day awarenass message,posters,tv and camera spots,parades,rallies,one-to -one comunication from volunteers.vacination booths were set up,with a house-to-house campagian for remote communities.
2 million healthcare workers and uss2.3 billion in government funding went into the campaign.It is estimated that globalpolio eradication would save more money than it has cost within a few years of polios disapperance.
Difficulities
Testing showed that three dosages of vaccine was enough to protect children indeveloped countries, but it became obvious that this was not enough in some areas of india.The ministry of health and family welfare recommended eight to ten doses for each child.children in some areas of india are waaker and often had diarrhoea,which reduced the efficiency of the vaccine. open defecation and monsoon flooding and a lack of water treatment also made it easier for a child to swallow more polio virus.As a result ,children with too few doses of vaccine were not fully protected and sometimes got polio.
The eradication program therfore gave drops over and over again, to boost childrens immunity higher and as a precaution against missed children.Few parents intially knew that vaccination campaign was trying to edadicate the disease,so they did not understand reasons for increasing intensity of vaccination. The increasing frequnency of drops and cases of polio among partially vaccinated children,caused rumours that the dpops did not work.
july 30,2013 -A nine -month- old boy from Navi Mumbai has tested positive for vaccine-derived poliovirus type.This was the fourth case recrded in country in 2014.
Many areas of india are remote and hard to acess. People in some areas had poor and caste discriminatory treatment health authorities, which made them less willing to assist in the vacation programme.The abscence of any free health services other than polio vaccination and contraception also lead to rumours that the drops caused infertility.
Rumros about vaccaination varied by area,but clusted ,so that there was a greater risk of a cluster of unvaccinated children was not safe the last polio cases in india was a girl who had not beeen vaccinated because she was sickly.There were also rumours that the polio drops were made from the blood of pigs,dogs or mice,or from pig fat.
Poor participation of doctors and nurces ,difficulty in maintaining and procuing vaccine, dificulty in procuning vehicles, and a lack of support from community member have all caused problems in the program,as has fatigue at the length of the anti-polio campaign.
Support
The campagin was supported by organisations including the fefedal and state government,international institutions ,snd non-governmental organisations.It is part of the global polio eradication initiative ,sprearheaded by Rotary international ,the world Health organisation,UNICEF,U.S.
Actor Amitabh Bachan volunteered with campagin,filming Tv and Radio sports against complacentry and personally vaccinating children.
The indian and Afghan cricket teams have also supported their national and international polio eradication efforts.
Opposition
The Gujrat Cases
In 1998, in Bhavangar district of Gujrat ,immunisation officers reported that 98 children out of the total of 2,000 missed the vaccine. Health workers were first prevented from coming to village. Later ,WHEN THE BOOTH , According to them , children from their village developed polio –paralysis even after ehe immunization.
The Bengal Case
Health officer who visited the village in west Bengal, saw utter discontent among the people as they started that two children in a village in contacted the virus after the vaccine.In another instance , parents of a two –and-a-half year old child who developed cellulites in the heel were convinced that it had been caused by the vaccine that was given to their childs treatment.
A STUDY OF THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS PULSE POLIO IMMUNIZATION IN SEMI URBAN AREAS OF SOUTH INDIA
Background
The government of india launched the pulse polio immunization programme in 1995 with the aim of eradicating poliomyelitis by the end ogd 2000. Despite this, 733 children with polio were reported in 2009 alone. Therefore, there is o need to understand the reason underlying such high no of cases after so many years of programme immplenation .This study was performed to assess the knowledge of the gernal population about poliomyelitis and PPI and their attitude and practice towards PPI.
Method
This CROSS -SECTIONAL Study was undertaken in two semi-urban areas of Mangalore city. Data was collected by interviewing any adult member of the household using a pretested questionnaire.
Results
The literacy rate of study participants was 99% .Only 35 participants kmew the crrect mode of transsmission of polio. More than one quarter of the study population were under the midconception that polio is a curable disease. The primary source of information about PPI in majority of participants was the television .Two -hundred and eight participants knew that the purpose of PPI was to eradicate polio . Only 128 paricipants knew that polio drops can be given to children with mild illnesses and an identical no of participants knew that hot food stufft should not be given for at least half an hour following vaccination administraction.
Misconceptions such as PPI causing vaccine overdose identified among 7 participants , it is a subsitute for routine immunization was belived among 30 participants .The educational status of the participants was significantly associated with their awareness level.
Conclusion
This study idenified a few important misconceptions associated with polio and PPI which need to be addressed by large scale awareness campaigns in order to achieve polio eradication in the near future.
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